Cell Structure #2!! :)

Little video thingyy on cell structure!

Cell Structure!!!!! :)

SOOOOOOOO!!!! We just got done learning about the cell structure right?? Well here is a little poster type thingy to help you see what all we covered!!! ENJOY!!!! :)

http://kelsearae.glogster.com/Glog/

Cystic Fibrosis!!

What exactly is Cystic Fibrosis? Well, its a life threatening genetic disease that causes mucus to build up and clog some of the organs throughout the body, mainly the lungs and pancreas. When this happens, it makes it very hard to breathe. The mucus build up could also lead to bacteria or germs getting stuck in the airways, this causes inflammation or swelling and infections that lead to severe lung damage. Mucus can stop the digestive enzymes from getting to the intestines, and the body needs those enzymes to break down food, providing important nutrients to help people grow and stay healthy. People with Cystic Fibrosis most times need to replace enzymes with medicine that helps the body digest food, and get the proper nutrition needed. So now that we know what cystic fibrosis is, how exactly do people get it?? Well, as mentioned before, CF is a genetic disease, or in other words people inherit it from their parents through genes (DNA). In order for someone to have CF, they must inherit two copies of the defective CF gene, or one copy from each parent. Who exactly gets CF and what are some of the common symptoms? This number may shock you, approximately 30,000 children and adults in the US have CF, and about 1 in every 31 Americans are carriers of the defective CF gene, but don't have the disease themselves. Caucasians are most likely to get CF, but it can affect all races. Symptoms include; very salty tasting skin, persistent coughing and at times with phlegm, frequent lung infections, like pneumonia or bronchitis, wheezing or shortness of breath, poor growth/weight gain in spite of good appetite, and small, fleshy growths in the nose called nasal polyps. How is one diagnosed with CF? Most people are diagnosed with CF at birth. They do this through a newborn screening. If not caught at birth, before the age of 2, if a doctors sees signs of CF, they will order a sweat test or a genetic test in order to confirm the diagnosis. If someone has CF, is there a cure for it? As of right now, there is no current cure for CF. However, specialized medical care, aggressive drug treatments and therapies along with the proper CF nutrition can lengthen and improve the quality of life for someone with CF. Would a lung transplant cure CF? Because of the defective gene that causes the disease is in all of the cells in the body and not just in the lung, a lung transplant will not cure CF. Around 1,000 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed each year. More than 70% of the patients are diagnosed by the age of 2. More than 45% of the CF patient population is age 18 or older. The predicted median age of survival for a person with CF is in the mid 30's. As one could tell, Cystic Fibrosis is having a huge impact on the US today, and the fact that there is no cure for it, its going to continue to hold steady, sadly.

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane!!

While doing this project, there were a few questions that I discovered while making my poster. First off,  I was curious as to what the purpose of the Protein Channel was. I soon found out that cells create and install their own protein channels which are also called membrane structure, because cells need a way to move useful substances into themselves and pump waste outside. Proteins act like little machines moving around other molecules. My next question, was what do carbohydrate chains do? Surely they have a purpose right? Well, I found that they serve as recognition markers. Protein molecules repair, regulate, and protect the human body. Did you know that 45% of our body is made up of protein? After walking around in the Gallery Walk, there was a lot more info being put out there amongst us. There were several different types of posters, but there were also some that were the same. 

Lipids!!

Lipids:

4 major types of molecules:

1.) 

2.) Lipids

3.) 

4.) Nucleic Acids

Insoluble in water-dont dissolve

     Long chains of repeating CH2 units

     Renders molecule non polar

Types of Lipids:All non polar

Type                                                  Organismal Use                                                                      Human Uses

*Fats                                             Long term energy storage & thermal insulation in animals               Butter, lard

*Oils                                              Long term energy storage in plants and their seeds                        Cooking oils

*Phospholipids                               Component of plasma membrane                                                  No-stick pan spray

*Steroids                                       Component of plasma membrane; hormones                                  Medicines

*Waxes                                          Wear resistance; retain water                                                       Candles, polishes

Triglycerides(fats)

     Long term energy storage

     Backbone of one glycerol molecule

      -Three carbon alcohol

      -Each has an OH group

     Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule

      -Long hydrocarbon chain

      -Saturated- no double bonds between carbons

      -Unsaturated- >_ 1 double bonds between carbons

      -Carboxylic acid at one end

      -Carboxylic acide connects to -OH on glycerol in dehydration reaction

         Unsaturated- Corn, Corn Oil-double bonds "missing hydrogens" Saturated- Milk, Butter-hydrogens

Phospholipids

     Derived from triglycerides

     Two fatty acids attached instead of three

     Third fatty acid replace by phosphate group

      -The fatty acids are non polar and hydrophobic

      -The phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic

     Molecules self arrange when placed in water

      -Polar phosphate "heads" next to water

      -Non polar fatty acids "tails" overlap and exclude water

      -Spontaneously form double layer and a sphere

Steroids & Waxes

     Steroids

     Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

     Skeletons of four fused carbon rings

     Waxes

     Long-chain fatty acids bonded to a long chain alcohol

      High Melting point

      Waterproof

      Resistant to degradation

     

Collagen!

Collagen is your most plentiful protein. Around one quarter of all the protein in the human body is collagen! It forms molecular cables that help strengthen the tendons. Ever wonder how teeth are made? Well, they are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen! Without collagen we wouldn't have our body structure. Collagen supports the softer tissues and connects them with the skeleton. Although it plays a big part in our body, it is a relatively simple protein. Three chains- thats what collagen is composed of, while wound together in a tight triple helix. Each and every chain is over 1400 amino acids long! Every third amino acid is whats called glycine, which is a small amino acid that fits perfectly inside the helix. So where do the remaining positions in the chains go? They are filled by two unexpected amino acids. There must be something that is critical for collagen stability right? Of course! Its hydroxyproline. Sadly our body cannot make Vitamin C, therefore it is very important to get enough, or else the results can be disastrous. A shortage of Vitamin C slows the production of hydroxyproline, and stops the construction of new collagen, causing scurvy. What are some of the symptoms of scurvy? Loss of teeth and easy bruising. They are caused by the lack of collagen to repair the wear and tear that may be caused by everyday activities.

Just a little knowledge on Carbohydrates!

There are three different things that make up carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Monosaccarides are "single sugars" three things in monosaccarides are ribose, galactose, and fructose. Disaccarides are "two sugars" and include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccarides include starches. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. All carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. Insulin in the body allows glucose to be removed from the blood and moved into the cells to be stored as glycogen. There are three types of complex carbohydrates, starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch is found in plants and is made up of many glucose units linked together. Starch is the energy storage form of carbohydrates. Glycogen is found in the muscle and livers of animals. The amount of glycogen in animals tissue at the time of slaughter does affect the pH of meat. Cellulose helps plants keeo their shape, it acts like a plant skeleton. Cellulose is unable to digestm however it is one of the important components of fiber!